Research In Physical Education - Free Essay Example

In comparing and contrasting qualitative and quantitative research, the following conclusions may be reached. In terms of purpose, qualitative research aims to understand interpret social interactions, while quantitative research seeks to test a hypothesis, look at cause and effect, and make predictions. In addition, qualitative research utilizes smaller, not randomly selected groups, as well as attempting to identify patterns. On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on numbers, instead identifying statistical relationships. As far as results, qualitative research generates specialized findings, while quantitative research produces results in generalizable findings, applicable to other populations. The focus of a qualitative study is wide reaching, examining the depth of the problem, while in quantitative research the focus is narrow, testing a specific hypothesis (Johnson, Christensen, 2008). In contrast, the distinction between qualitative and quantitative research is considered by some to be abstract and general, and therefore of limited value. The argument used to deem this distinction as unreliable are the similarities of different standpoints on important issues among qualitative researchers. In addition, the overlap between many features of qualitative and quantitative research often makes it difficult to separate qualitative and quantitative research (Allwood, 2012). Research plays a key role in pedagogy, as evidenced by the multitude of teaching methods and techniques available to physical educators. While the stereotype of monotonous and strongly regimented physical education classes were mostly true in the past, nowadays physical educators all over the world are pursuing the latest trends in P.E. in an effort to make their classes more appealing to students; resulting in increased motivation and participation. The days of calisthenics in a gymnasium filled with unmotivated students seem to be long gone, giving way to exciting developments such as the increased use of technology and interdisciplinary collaboration. With the advent of common core, P.E. teachers are finding new ways to incorporate literacy, as well as other subjects to their students (Jones, Brown, Holloway, 2012). Research undoubtedly plays a key role in discerning which trends in physical education are valuable and are here to stay, and which amount to nothing more than a passing fad. Physical educators rely on properly conducted research to determine how to best present a topic to their students, bearing in mind their developmental, physiological and psychological characteristics and needs (Longmuir Tremblay, 2016). Physical educators today rely on research and, more precisely, on empirical evidence to help guide decision making, which ultimately helps shape the curriculum. It is important to realize research is not exclusively confined to experts in the field, but rather it is accessible to anyone who is interested in gaining more knowledge on a particular subject. The importance of research cannot be understated: It is absolutely crucial in helping broaden knowledge in pedagogy as it introduces educators to more effective teaching practices (Jones, Brown, Holloway, 2012). In the field of pedagogy, applied research may be preferred. This is because applied research seeks to find solutions to practical problems, as opposed to basic research, which sometimes does not have a clear and immediate application. Physical educators benefit from applied research because it involves testing theoretical concepts in a practical environment; namely their groups of students (Armour MacDonald, 2012). Within applied research, the qualitative methodology is appealing to some, as it is based on extensive observations and interviews, not solely on data collection. Another reason why this type of research is more conducive to pedagogy is because it may be conducted in a natural setting, such as a classroom. The constructionist perspective states meaning and reality are situational specific, with no meaning necessarily more valid than another. Within this research perspective, the qualitative method tends to be more non-linear, allowing for more flexibility in terms of research methods. (Baumgartner Hensley 2013) Another common research method in physical education is descriptive research, aimed at gathering information from a subject group. This type of research first determines the way things are and then moves on to describe and define what it is in the present. Likewise, descriptive research utilizes a wider variety of methods to collect data (Thomas, Nelson Silverman, 2015). Descriptive research is well suited to studies seeking to identify the attitudes or opinions of various groups of individuals. Examples of descriptive research are opinion polls, surveys and questionnaires in which participants are asked about their opinion on a variety of subjects. Another descriptive research technique involves observational studies, which is a descriptive technique in which behaviors are observed in the participants natural setting, such as a classroom or play environment (Baumgartner Hensley, 2013) In conclusion, the writer analyzed a dissertation titled On-task student behavior on days with and without structured physical education by Kayla Byrd of Eastern Oregon University. The goal of this dissertation was to examine the effect of physical education instruction in the on-task behavior of students in the classroom. The study was quantitative in nature, with the author observing the on-task behavior of twenty-nine students on days with and without physical education. Students were observed twice throughout the six observation times for fifteen minutes each. An extra observation day was scheduled due to student absence on a physical education observation day, which increased the number observation days to seven. To document on-task behavior the researcher used the Davis School District Observation Form, marking on-task behaviors by making a slash in the ten second interval box and off-task behaviors by placing a letter code in the ten second interval box (e.g.: T= talking out/n oise: Inappropriate verbalizing or making sounds with object, mouth, or body, O= Out of seat: Student fully or partially out of assigned seat without teacher permission, I= Inactive: Student not engaged with assigned task and passively waiting, sitting, etc., N= Noncompliance: Breaking a classroom rule or not following teacher direction within fifteen seconds, and P= Playing with object: Manipulating objects without teacher permission). The data was then analyzed using a two paired T-test and descriptive analysis. There were numerous threats to the validity of the study. Firstly, the students were observed by a single observer. The lack of observers limited the diversity of what was considered to be on-task behavior. The observer determined each day what was on-task behavior and what was off-task behavior. In order to limit the variability, the observer wrote down what was to be considered off-task during the various activities prior to each observation beginning and followed the same structure for each observation and each activity. Secondly, activities varied during observation times. Though the observational visits occurred at the same time each day the activities were different on each observation period. Lastly, each student was only observed twice throughout the study, once on a physical education day and once on a non-physical education day. These validity concerns generated results showing there was no significant difference between physical education and student on-task behavior, with the author recommending more research to be done on the amount and quality of physical education in addition to the effect physical education has on student on-task behavior. As far as methodology, the writer suggests a considerably larger number of subjects, accompanied by additional observations conducted by more than one observer. The fact different activities were observed with each observation possibly contributed to the underwhelming results of the study, with the author unable to make an accurate correlation between physical education and the students behavior in the classroom. In summary, the writer would like to further examine the link between physical fitness levels and academic achievement by proposing a research study on the relationship between performance in the physical fitness test (FITNESSGRAM) and academic achievement in fifth-grade students. A possible research hypothesis is fifth-grade students who demonstrate aptitude on the physical fitness test will score higher in standardized academic tests than students who perform poorly on the physical fitness test. Another possible study would focus on the development of methods to monitor the motivation, confidence, knowledge and understanding of the components of physical literacy. Such a study has increased importance in light of the current obesity and inactivity crisis affecting our youth. Physical education develops physical competence so all children are able to move efficiently and effectively, while understanding what they are doing. The desired outcome of effective PE instruction is physical literacy, creating an essential basis for their full development and achievement. A physically literate young person has the skills, confidence and understanding to continue participation in physical activity throughout the life span. In terms of methodology, such a study would be qualitative in nature given its scope. Additionally, there would be a necessity to make use of a large number of subjects in a comprehensive attempt to gather as much information as possible on their experiences in physi cal education over their lifetime. Though time consuming, the results of such a study could prove to be extremely beneficial to physical educators in their efforts to raise a more physically literate generation.

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Lack of feedback According to the Ken Blanchard Company study, lack of feedback is a common mistake of the leaders. Thus, they cant fulfill the lack of experience of the subordinates and they inevitably make mistakes. In other cases, feedback can be provided in the form of criticism but without providing the effective ways to avoid these mistakes. That's why feedback is an important feature of every leader who deals with subordinates. If you experience lack of social skills, these ten tips on communication skills development will help you to become a perfect collocutor. Disregard your team Obviously, both the head and the subordinates have certain duties but the leader should also pay attention to each member of the team and provide his/her piece of advice or aid when they are confused since the leader is more experienced and diligent and able share his/her experience. Disregard micromanagement If your team has to deal with a serious project you need to follow each step it takes since they might misunderstand your commands and fail to meet your requirements. Micromanagement is considered to be one of the worst approaches since it seriously limits the freedom of the employees since according to this theory the leader should not pay attention to the details. Due to the fact that your reputation might be put at risk, it is better to keep abreast of all the details. Being too friendly It is important to have positive relationships with the colleagues but being too friendly means to be inattentive. When emotions take control, it is difficult to make decisions especially when it comes to dismissing. Moreover, a polite and friendly leader can't be respected since he or she is considered to be a friend but there is no place for friendship in this case. Goals are uncertain Any leader should be straightforward and clearly understand what measures should be taken to achieve goals but if goals seem to be uncertain it significantly complicates elaboration of possible ways to attain them. Thus, the objectives should be clear and comprehensive in order not to cause problems and misunderstandings. Misunderstanding of motivation How to motivate your employees properly? Usually, financial reward is used as a means of motivations but soon enough money becomes the only way to coerce the employees to work. Most psychologists are positive that such type of motivation is destructive since the subordinates blindly follow the orders without enjoying the process. Thats why if you still use such type of motivation you need to change the approach since soon enough it will become ineffective. Hasty decisions concerning personnel There is no need to hurry to hire somebody since you might cause serious problems for the company and the colleagues as well. First of all, you should make a list of personal and professional qualities that should be met by the future candidate and carefully select each one in order not to make mistake. Usually, both sexual and racial prejudice influence their choice. Read more about it in order not to lose a good employee Do not become an idol Remember that one you appear among the employees they will start looking at you even if you want to make some coffee. They subconsciously copy the leader's behavior and gestures. However, it happens only if the leader is respected by the employees. Even your emotional state is also copied by the subordinates and if you are angry or irritated they will be as well. Any leader is like a hero for the subordinates and you should meet all the stated requirements to be one Do not delegate responsibilities Unwillingness to delegate work or duties usually means that the leaders dont trust the employees and consider them to be unable to complete a certain type of work. Thus, due to the constant fear a person experiences an emotional breakdown. In order to avoid such aftermath, one should trust the subordinates to delegate certain responsibilities since it is impossible to cope with the large amount of work all alone. Thats why a good leader should be aware of all the skills and capabilities of the employees and benefit from them. Misunderstanding of your role Imagine you got a promotion and now you have a certain number of subordinates. At this point, you should understand that you need to change both your behavior and mindset let alone schedule and relations with subordinates. This position has plenty of branches and responsibilities and it wont be enough just to delegate certain responsibilities to others. You need to teach them, to guide them when they are confused. This is the main purpose of the leader. These are major qualities of the leader so you could be aware of all of them and meet the stated requirements. 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